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Religious Freedom Toolkit

Part III | Expanded Analysis

Category D | Human Rights

Topic 19 | Human dignity for everyone everywhere

“Human dignity for everyone everywhere” highlights the universal value of human dignity as a cornerstone principle in advancing and safeguarding the rights and well-being of individuals worldwide. As stated in Article 1 of the Punta del Este Declaration on Human Dignity for Everyone Everywhere, “The inherent human dignity of all people and the importance of respecting, promoting, and protecting human dignity for everyone everywhere is the foundational principle and the key objective or goal of human rights, as well as an invaluable criterion for evaluating laws, policies, and government actions for how well they accord with human rights standards.” The protection of human dignity for everyone everywhere necessarily includes protections for freedom of religion or belief.493

Introduction  

Human dignity is an intrinsic and universal characteristic of all the earth’s inhabitants and is deeply constitutive of what it means to be human. We are unequal in a variety of ways—for example, in physical abilities, material wealth, or intellectual capacities. But there is a fundamental way in which we are all equal and interconnected: in dignity and rights.494

Human dignity may vary in recognition and expression across different cultures, shaped by cultural perspectives. And geographical and socioeconomic factors may influence living conditions and opportunities for personal development. Even so, the intrinsic and unalienable nature of human dignity is universal, transcending cultural, geographical, or socioeconomic contexts.

While people from disparate backgrounds and with diverse worldviews may differ in their understandings of the precise definition and source of human dignity, its essential meaning is widely understood as the inherent, unalienable worth of the individual that should be respected by all human beings and in all human beings.495

The universality of human dignity as a concept served as a foundation for consensus among the diverse drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in their early efforts to agree on and enumerate fundamental human rights.496 The UDHR’s Preamble reflects their mutual understanding that “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.”497

Today, many are suspicious of human rights for a variety of reasons, including viewing them as a purely Western construct or as a paper tiger.498 If there is any prospect of human rights being accepted as universal it will most likely be based on principles of dignity, equality, and freedom—the very principles articulated in UDHR Article 1: “[a]ll human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.”499

The Punta del Este Declaration: “Human dignity for everyone everywhere” as foundation, goal, and evaluative criterion of human rights

The Punta del Este Declaration on Human Dignity for Everyone Everywhere was adopted in 2018, in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.500 Its purpose was to celebrate human dignity as the core of all human rights and to reiterate the need to protect it for all, in all places. Article 1 of that Declaration states,

"The inherent human dignity of all people and the importance of respecting, promoting, and protecting human dignity for everyone everywhere is the foundational principle and the key objective or goal of human rights . . . ."501

In describing “human dignity for everyone everywhere” as the foundation and goal of human rights, the Declaration highlights human dignity as a cornerstone principle in advancing and safeguarding the rights and well-being of individuals worldwide.

The phrase also emphasizes that that dignity is “not just for me but for thee.” In that sense, it makes “clear that rights are characterized by reciprocity and involve corresponding duties”—for individuals, societal entities, and states alike.502

Relative to state duties, the Declaration’s Article 1 also proposes “human dignity for everyone everywhere” as “an invaluable criterion for evaluating laws, policies, and government actions for how well they accord with human rights standards.”503 Indeed, “the effect of laws, policies, and practices on human dignity [can] be a key mechanism for assessment” of states’ performance in their duties relative to human rights.504 A note of caution, however: while human rights principles are universal, their application may vary across different cultural contexts.505 Respecting cultural diversity while requiring states to uphold the common thread of human dignity allows for an inclusive and effective implementation of human rights standards.506

Human dignity and religious freedom: Dignitatis Humanae

As with all other human rights, human dignity is the foundational principle on which the right to religious freedom is grounded. The Vatican II declaration Dignitatis Humanae (1965)507 is a powerful articulation of Catholic justifications for this concept.

The declaration states that the right to religious freedom “has its foundations in the very dignity of the human person.”508 The declaration further states that our human dignity actually requires us to have religious freedom, which includes not only the right to choose in matters of religion but also the duty to pursue and follow truth “in a manner proper to the dignity of the human person.”509

The declaration further emphasizes that individuals should exercise autonomy in religious matters, employing and enjoying “a responsible freedom” by acting on their own best judgment, rather than being “driven by coercion”510:

"[Religious] freedom means that all men are to be immune from coercion on the part of individuals or of social groups and of any human power, in such wise that no one is to be forced to act in a manner contrary to his own beliefs, whether privately or publicly, whether alone or in association with others, within due limits."511

Distinguishing human dignity and autonomy  

As articulated in Dignitatis Humanae, human dignity and autonomy are inextricably linked. Nevertheless, a nuanced examination of the relationship between the two concepts reveals important distinctions.

Human dignity extends beyond individual autonomy, encompassing aspects such as inherent value, respect, and the acknowledgment of shared humanity. While autonomy empowers individuals to make choices in alignment with their values, it is within the framework of human dignity that these choices gain ethical and moral significance. Autonomy, in effect, is a tool within the broader framework of human dignity. Human dignity acts as guiding principle, ensuring that the exercise of autonomy aligns with broader ethical considerations and societal values. It underscores the interconnectedness of individuals within communities, emphasizing the responsibility to uphold the dignity of others even in the exercise of personal autonomy. Emphasizing autonomy alone risks neglecting the social and relational dimensions of human existence.

This nuanced relationship between human dignity and autonomy is particularly apparent when considering vulnerable populations or those facing systemic injustices. In such cases, the autonomy of individuals may be compromised due to external factors, making it imperative to safeguard their inherent dignity despite limitations on their autonomy.

Potential dangers in invoking, interpreting, and translating human dignity  

While human dignity is a widely recognized, powerful concept, there are some contexts in which it may be misapplied and/or misunderstood.

  • Politicization or weaponization of human dignity  

Like other broad values, human dignity may be instrumentalized or even weaponized as a rhetorical tool to further particular “rights causes,” potentially fostering division and dismissing the dignity of “opponents.” For example, advocates of assisted suicide label their cause “death with dignity”512 while opponents of abortion similarly frame their arguments around the “dignity of the unborn child.”513 Advocates who claim human dignity for their cause run the risk of doing so without acknowledging the dignity and rights of others or the depths and many dimensions of human dignity.

Striking a balance between targeted advocacy for specific groups and the overarching principle of human dignity necessitates ongoing reflection and dialogue in societies. This issue highlights the importance of ensuring that the pursuit of rights does not compromise the broader commitment to upholding the dignity of every individual, regardless of their identity, background, or political persuasion. In navigating this complex terrain, it becomes crucial for advocacy groups to approach their missions with sensitivity, acknowledging the multifaceted nature of human dignity and the imperative to foster collective understandings that transcend partisan divides.

  • Cultural relativism in defining and interpreting human dignity  

Cultural relativism poses risks to the universal aspiration of human dignity for everyone everywhere. The inherent diversity of cultures across the globe results in distinct interpretations and definitions of human dignity, leading to potential clashes in understanding and application. Cultural relativism contends there is no absolute standard for evaluating cultural practices, including those related to human dignity, as each culture possesses its own set of norms and values.

When applied to the concept of human dignity, however, this relativist stance can result in stark disparities in recognizing and safeguarding the inherent worth of individuals. Practices that might be deemed respectful of human dignity in one cultural context could be perceived differently or be contested in another. This relativism introduces challenging terrain, where the universal application of the principle becomes elusive, raising questions about the feasibility of establishing a shared understanding of human dignity that transcends cultural boundaries.

As cultures navigate these differences, it is crucial to strike a balance between respecting cultural diversity and upholding a universal commitment to human dignity, ensuring that the concept remains a unifying force rather than a divisive one. Strategies to address this danger involve fostering cross-cultural dialogue, education, and awareness initiatives that promote a shared understanding of the fundamental aspects of human dignity that can serve as common ground among diverse societies.

  • Translating the concept of human dignity into tangible actions and policies  

While the concept of human dignity is universally acknowledged, its operationalization on the ground encounters complex practical difficulties. Implementing policies that genuinely uphold human dignity requires navigating intricate sociopolitical landscapes, where competing interests, resource constraints, and bureaucratic hurdles often impede effective action. The danger lies in the potential gap between rhetorical commitments to human dignity and the actual realization of these commitments in people's lives. Inefficiencies in governance structures, inadequate legal frameworks, and a lack of institutional capacity can hinder the translation of ideals into concrete measures that positively impact individuals. Additionally, the danger extends to the risk of symbolic gestures without substantive changes, where policies may appear to align with human dignity but lack meaningful impact.

Addressing this danger necessitates a dual approach: first, comprehensive reforms in legal and institutional frameworks that explicitly incorporate human dignity as a guiding principle; and second, concerted efforts to bridge the implementation gap through education and awareness campaigns. By acknowledging and actively working to overcome these practical challenges, societies can strive for a more meaningful realization of human dignity in the lived experiences of individuals worldwide.

Strategies for promoting human dignity  

In response to the above dangers, strategies such as the following can promote human dignity.

  • Education and awareness  

Prioritizing education and awareness initiatives can help promote human dignity. By fostering a broader and deeper understanding of the meaning of human dignity, societies can mitigate risks such as cultural relativism and enhance the universal appreciation of this foundational principle. Educational programs, public service announcements, and community engagement activities can disseminate information about the significance of human dignity and its universal applicability. Emphasizing diverse perspectives and real-life examples can help individuals connect with the concept on a personal level, fostering empathy and a collective commitment to upholding human dignity.

Furthermore, integrating the concept of human dignity into formal education curricula ensures that future generations are equipped with the knowledge and values necessary to appreciate and respect the dignity of all individuals. By infusing human dignity into subjects such as ethics, social studies, literature, and history, educational institutions can contribute to a more informed and compassionate citizenry.

Collaborating with religious institutions to incorporate teachings on human dignity can further amplify the message. Many faith traditions share common ground in emphasizing the inherent worth of every individual. Leveraging religious leaders and institutions as advocates for human dignity can reach diverse communities, contributing to a collective ethos of respect and understanding.

Harnessing the power of technology and social media platforms also allows for the widespread dissemination of information on human dignity. Engaging and shareable content, online campaigns, and interactive discussions can reach a global audience, transcending geographical boundaries and fostering a sense of interconnectedness based on shared values.

  • Legal reforms and reinforcement  

Embedding human dignity explicitly within legal frameworks and bringing together diverse stakeholders to commit to this fundamental principle can serve as a powerful safeguard against potential threats to human dignity. Advocacy for legal reforms involves actively engaging with legislative bodies to ensure that laws explicitly incorporate human dignity as a guiding principle.

A holistic approach involves rallying broad coalitions of stakeholders, including government entities, parliamentarians, civil society organizations, religious institutions, and academic groups, to collectively commit to the promotion of human dignity. Such collaborative efforts can foster a shared understanding and responsibility for upholding this principle across diverse sectors of society. Forming dedicated working groups or task forces comprised of representatives from various sectors can facilitate the systematic incorporation of human dignity into legal frameworks and policies. These groups can analyze existing laws, identify gaps, and propose comprehensive reforms that align with the overarching goal of ensuring dignity for everyone everywhere.

Lastly, publicly declaring commitments to human dignity through joint statements, charters, or declarations can serve as a powerful symbol of unity among stakeholders. These commitments can be endorsed through formalized ceremonies or events, garnering attention and support from the public and reinforcing the importance of human dignity as a shared societal value.

  • International collaboration

A strategic and inclusive approach involves prioritizing international collaboration. Recognizing that the principles of human dignity extend beyond national borders, global cooperation becomes paramount in establishing a framework that transcends cultural, geographic, and political boundaries. Collaborative frameworks, such as forums, conferences, and diplomatic initiatives, provide spaces for shared dialogue and foster a deeper understanding and appreciation of diverse perspectives on human dignity.514

The exchange of best practices is integral to international collaboration. Nations can share successful approaches, policies, and legal frameworks that have effectively incorporated human dignity into their systems. By learning from each other’s experiences, countries can refine their own approaches, adapting strategies that align with their unique sociocultural contexts while upholding the universal essence of human dignity. International collaboration allows for the establishment of global standards and principles that serve as benchmarks for upholding human dignity. These standards can guide legal reforms, policy-making, and social initiatives on a global scale, fostering a more harmonized and coherent approach to safeguarding the inherent worth of individuals.

Collaboration enables cross-border education and awareness initiatives that reach diverse populations. By leveraging international networks and platforms, educational programs can disseminate information about human dignity, fostering a global consciousness that goes beyond local perspectives. This cross-cultural exchange contributes to a more inclusive and comprehensive understanding of the principles underpinning human dignity.

Engaging in joint diplomatic efforts allows nations to advocate for the incorporation of human dignity into international agreements, treaties, and conventions. By making human dignity a focal point of diplomatic discussions, countries can collectively commit to upholding this principle in their interactions with one another, fostering a global ethos of mutual respect. Global challenges to human dignity, such as humanitarian crises or systemic human rights abuses, require united responses. International collaboration enables coordinated efforts to address these challenges, ensuring that nations work together to protect the dignity of affected populations and promote collective responsibility in the face of adversity. The creation of transnational institutions dedicated to upholding human dignity can serve as a mechanism for ongoing collaboration. These institutions can facilitate ongoing dialogue, research, and joint initiatives, ensuring a sustained effort to address challenges and reinforce the universal commitment to human dignity.

Through such efforts, international collaboration emerges as a powerful response to dangers facing human dignity globally. By highlighting the importance of shared understanding and cooperative efforts, nations can forge a path toward a more just, inclusive, and interconnected world, where human dignity is upheld universally.

Conclusion  

Silvio Ferrari, professor of canon law at the University of Milan, explains, “We cannot speak of human rights without referring to human dignity. A dynamic, open and comprehensive notion of human dignity is the condition for overcoming differences and building a consensus on a context-sensitive implementation of the universal human rights.”515

Advancing greater understanding and promotion of human rights and human dignity “for everyone everywhere” is a nuanced and imperative undertaking that spans philosophical, religious, academic, legal, political, sociocultural, and other realms. As societies navigate the twenty-first century, the universal imperative of human dignity requires ongoing reflection and collaborative action. Through concerted efforts, grounded in a shared commitment to the inherent worth of every individual, the vision of “human dignity for everyone everywhere” can become a lived reality in our diverse and interconnected world.

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References

493. Topic 19 (Human dignity for everyone everywhere) was originally drafted by Dana De León, LLM, BYU Law class of 2024.

494. G.A. Res. 217 A (III), Universal Declaration of Human Rights, at art. 1 (Dec. 10, 1948) [hereinafter UDHR], https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.

495. See BRETT G. SCHARFFS & EWELINA U. OCHAB, DIGNITY AND INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE PUNTA DEL ESTE DECLARATION ON HUMAN DIGNITY FOR EVERYONE EVERYWHERE 116–22 (2022) (ICLARS Series on Law and Religion) (discussing religious and secular understandings of the concept of human dignity), 140 (quoting law professor Paolo G. Carozza’s definition of human dignity).

496. See MARY ANN GLENDON, A WORLD MADE NEW: ELEANOR ROOSEVELT AND THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS 144–46 (2002); Glenn Hughes, The Concept of Dignity in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 39(1) THE JOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS 1, 1–9 (2011); Hans Ingvar Roth, P.C. Chang, Multicultural Confucian Philosopher and Human Rights Champion, 21(4) THE REVIEW OF FAITH & INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS 22, 29–30 (2023), https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2272437; Brett G. Scharffs, Introduction: Faith and the Founding Figures of Human Dignity, id. at 1, 3, ttps://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2023.2272439.

497. UDHR, supra, pmbl.

498. See, e.g., Brett G. Scharffs, Why Religious Freedom? Why the Religiously Committed, the Religiously Indifferent, and Those Hostile to Religion Should Care, 2017 BYU LAW REVIEW 957, 976 & n.77 (2018), https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/lawreview/vol2017/iss4/10 (quoting Stephen Kinzer, End Human Rights Imperialism Now, THE GUARDIAN (Dec. 31, 2010), https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/dec/31/human-rights-imperialism-james-hoge; Eric Posner, The Case Against Human Rights, THE GUARDIAN (Dec. 4, 2014), https://www.theguardian.com/news/2014/dec/04/-sp-case-against-human-rights.

499. UDHR, supra, art. 1.

500. HUMAN DIGNITY FOR EVERYONE EVERYWHERE, https://www.dignityforeveryone.org/about (last visited Dec. 2024).

501. Punta del Este Declaration on Human Dignity for Everyone Everywhere: Seventy Years After the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, at art. 1, HUMAN DIGNITY FOR EVERYONE EVERYWHERE (Dec. 2018) [hereinafter Punta del Este Declaration], https://www.dignityforeveryone.org/languages (link to English-language PDF).

502. SCHARFFS & OCHAB, supra, at 152, 164, 167.

503. Punta del Este Declaration, supra, art. 1.

504. SCHARFFS & OCHAB, supra, at 164.

505. See, e.g., African Perspectives on Human Dignity for Everyone Everywhere: An Endorsement and Elaboration of the Punta del Este Declaration on Dignity for Everyone Everywhere by the African Consortium for Law and Religion Studies at Its Seventh Annual Law and Religion in Africa Conference, HUMAN DIGNITY FOR EVERYONE EVERYWHERE (May 2019), https://www.dignityforeveryone.org/african-perspectives.

506. See, e.g., id. § 7 (State obligations).

507. Declaration on Religious Freedom Dignitatis Humanae on the Right of the Person and of Communities to Social and Civil Freedom in Matters Religious Promulgated by His Holiness Pope Paul VI (Dec. 7, 1965), THE HOLY SEE, https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html.

508. Id. § 2

509. Id. §§ 2, 3.

510. Id. § 1.

511. Id. § 2.

512. See DEATH WITH DIGNITY, https://deathwithdignity.org (last visited Dec. 2024).

513. See, e.g., Mary Szoch & Katherine Johnson, Family Research Council, Fetal Dignity Law: Respecting the Human Dignity of the Unborn (July 2021), https://www.frc.org/issueanalysis/respecting-the-unborn-through-fetal-dignity-laws#gsc.tab=0 (link to report PDF).

514. See, e.g., Civilizational Perspectives on Human Dignity, ICLRS (July 27–29, 2023), https://www.iclrs.org/civilizational-perspectives-on-human-dignity (reporting on an international conference focused on civilizational perspectives on human dignity and on gaining support for the adoption of a UN General Assembly resolution that would establish an annual UN Human Dignity Day).

515. Human Dignity Initiative, Human Dignity Initiative Announces Landmark Declaration on Human Dignity for Everyone Everywhere, PR NEWSWIRE (Dec. 10, 2018), https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/human-dignity-initiative-announces-landmark-declaration-on-human-dignity-for-everyone-everywhere-300762305.html.